Hand stick for use in producing type matter photographically



May 19, 1953 TYPE MATTER PHOTOGRAPHICALLY Filed July 6, 1949 Q 8 R 3 3 a 8 8 I .z: 55 m t2 fiiflfixfififlazfifi=zz- EEEQE a w v N a N INVENTOR H MAN R. FREUND ATTORN E Y Patented May 19, 1953 OFFICE am) time Fee nsnihifidiinifiG 'T'iEi 'E MATTER PHOTOGRAPHICALLY BmokfinfN. Y2, aes'i'gddrto flhlteytype' Corpdfation, Brdokl'y'n, N. Y., "a; corp nltion'of New York 4 "Claims.

*i h sintedtjbh feiete to, Jeanna-"den by bend-p cha et r ri e-el ment 9 m t designed for u se in; QIZJ B PIOdHCtiQIE Of lines of :t p t. m t ph tp iaphi llx; d fie en t sizes f rom a f ont pf elements beating characters of e i i w iil zfi fi -1.",-

. EigureA is 9J1 end elevation viewed fro m' the iemhamdenao Fi u 7 F am-e5 isea erspe tive Y w e b t6 ph V i ti n-H o.

, Ejorf ill ist 'ative purposes the inventio'nis herein' described in connection with p the composition by hand "of character-bearing element s oi 'the kind disclo ed in my Patent No, 2,23 99.,,such

Lelemei tst ing m l d n h photoco'mposi ments in ayai let f'diffe 'entj type sik e e the ob- 1m ines' pf my pending applications 'SeriatNo. i enbe'in tqiz e ehend st elij da d to ermin ,.19 indwi d e Find fu nish the ,Compogtog with g d ir cgeqding inl serialjhg; Mflfifi fil'edMay 23, 1949, now Patent dication of the length tol whiph h line of elements l\T o, ;2',552',382, issiiedfMgyfli 1951. It inay be of a-eiv n ointwsize should b wmme intorder 'tq ho o nhiqek rented th re rem, eline of images ota desired length in a desired enlarged fllq t n e? Ac d n to t e e b d mente th yinvent firein shovyn b ayj of example; thereisprovidede andks lek hay n 'I oel, r e f means for supporting t composed line of photolmca e. sewin as is al ui e 9:- m qsi ines i .i lem n s. .;;p op r;:l th i rt'qbte n reproductions nia q et-t -o e-r-mtion nd .12

rali y o .-e. i ion .,,'em-isc. l1e mOunt nnaa 'tatable rum and gn dueted-t a htm p pp rt c e n h f w s r ndered v ible un n,;. on it-th by m a spte k ew-in propriate tpositions fixed by a; locating detent,

pa t to s esmu d-smtt zarr t at he ha stick of the invention'may beLused-to advantage poir ted .o tjhei'e that fwhile the foregoing'inachines Qp'ro' yide for. the" Composition of lines of elem mfi ql manipu ation of "agkeybbgrdQth'ere ,7 ie I, occasions. when lines containing special or 20 odd characters not availablev onthe keyboardare required The 'hand stick of the] presentjinven- "tion is intended tomeetns ichneeds as ell' as to seijve as the'principai "medium for composing lines of elernents in jconjunction with photogiftphic 'eprodu cing machines devoid'of keyboard c0mposfin""a ci1'itie I a @Ei L; h st tes ln ,eljejment E whichfbars L th 'phf e eb ablel' h i' cter ffWi n a et in connection with the compositionfibymand of photographable character-"bearing, elements or matrices Nof variant-lfo lfms andpin conjunction withdifierent types'of photographic reproducing a h n s-J V the description to f ql lowend by reference to the comp in r wi st'wherein: e v ,7

F e-v is e l ntx n he. ham-s of e ainil t w h 1 mv 9 t he pro ortio a ly d e do el in i ibl -,threueh-the wi w in the base or element supporting platform of the Bis.

\ z o h theiover ali edg extise 'thiqisness, Th of the body repres nti g the" setwise w thief. s'iich character. The'freference letter,

designated lR,fon-zfthegifom edge of the element :71, cjqi'i 'esiaonqsto'the aracter o'nthe 'film plaque P,

end byji nea'nsgof liar appropriate letters, on each element the comjiosi'tor isienab1'ed,,refeldi1y toidenti fyfland' check the'wor'ds in "a composed Ii'ne b'f'elemems. t Iv The element iil of Fig" 5.. represent "one element of asl 'dmplete ype, IQ MQ w ch, comprises s'eyeral ele nentsfbeaiing;dtip etesi'of each of thei'alp'ha- "peticalic a r cters,;,n 'iner al s and unctuation marks',opdinaiilyv'iequnedffor] g,, and as "well' understood thebdge' i se' thicknessjfljofthe q x 1 L hQf EIVQmQY lld'i' fei's a ding jt the 'ariant setwi'se Widths, of their ies'pec't itie charp the' chna c tersofany giyeri'font of agbe 'sic ointl-s' ige'fof type et-11d mayhejrel pm'duce'djin 'difierent 'de's'i'red p int-sizes by. proje'c ting enlaiged or reduced images their eof onto jg sensitized proyided in the photog iaphic g od qine ma h n s nfgthe maeh nbsi o pending applications hereinebove' in io'ne'd, the I sensitized n ediuin s11 1 aspliiotogtaphichfilnl or tieij e1:';., ar :i d' in h l 'ieh d r whic is arranged "to move 'step-by-step under control of the body thickness of the elements as they are individually removed from the leading end of the composed line thereof and presented in succession for letter-by-letter exposure at a photographing position. By means of a variable ratio transmission the step-by-step movements of the film holder may be relatively proportioned to the element thicknesses :in accordance with the degree of photographic enlargement or reduction of the images projected by an adjustable optical system. In other forms of photographic reproducin machine, for example such as disclosed in U. .8. Patents No. 2,042,041 to Friedman et al. and No. 1,543,527 to smothers, the sensitized medium and the optical system are adjusted to suit the desired degree of enlargement or reduction and in a single exposure of the entire composed line of elements the reproduced line of images isobtained.

Naturally, if it bedesired to obtain a photographically reproduced line of images in the same type size as that of the characters borne by the elements of a given font (reproductions in a oneto-one ratio) one would compose a line of ele- .ments to the lengthdesired for the reproduced length is desired in aphotographically enlarged ,or reduced point-size of type, there arises the problem of composing the line of elements to a length so proportionednto the degree of optical enlargement or reduction as still to result in a reproduced line of the desired length. As will later appear, the hand-stick of the present invention provides a solution of this problem by furnishing the compositor with direct-reading line-measure scales for, a number of different point-sizes, thus eliminating the necessity for such time-consuming calculations as would be required if only a single em-scale were provided.

As illustrated, the hand-stick comprises the elongated L-shaped supporting shelf or platform I upon which the character-bearing elements are assembled or composed on their edges and in orderly fashion by hand, the elements being taken individually out of suitable storage compartments or trays. As well understood, the compositor holds the hand-stick in one hand with the platform I directed somewhat downwardly and its left end (as viewed in Fig. 1) pointed toward him, there being provided a right angle abutment 2 secured to the left end of the platform I to provide an upright transverse end wall for supporting the composed elements upright on".

their edges.

A standard printers em-scale 3 (6 pleas to the inch) as ordinarily provided on hand-sticks is secured at a convenient location on one of the legs of the platform I, such scale serving to guide the compositor in sighting the length of the line of elements being composed. As apparent, the length of the composed line of elements is equal to the sum-total of the thicknesses T of the elements accumulated 'edgewise from the abutment 2. Therefore the reading on the scale 3 is a direct indication of such sum-total measurement and is realistic in the sense that a line of type matter reproduced in a one-to-one ratio from the characters of the assembled elements will be of such indicated length.

To provide the compositor with a directreading guide for composing lines of the properlength for obtaining therefrom reproduced lines of a desired len th in type sizes differing from that of a basic font of elements, the hand-stick of the invention is provided with a plurality of em-scales (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 2, each scale being graduated in proportion to photographic reproductions in a different ratio.

In the present embodiment and by way of example, the aforesaid scales are arranged lengthwise and at uniformly spaced intervals around the periphery of a drum 4 extending longitudinally beneath the wider leg of the L-shaped platform I. Theidrum 4 is bored out at opposite ends to receive similar hubs 5 to which it is pinned (see pin 6 in Fig. l), the hubs 5 and accordingly the drum 4 being rotatable in suitable end bearings I through which a reduced outwardly extending portion 8 of the respective hubs pass, the bearings I being secured to the underside of the wide legs of the platform I.

The drum 4 may be rotated by turning the knob 9 which is pinned to the hub extension 8 at the right end of the hand-stick as viewed in Fig. 1. The annularly enlarged portion III of the right hand hub 5 is provided in its outer face with depression II, Fig. 4, cooperative with a spring-ball detent I2, Fig. 1; by which the drum 4, upon turning the knob 9, is definitely located .to position one or another scale in registr with the elongated open window or slot I3 in the wider leg of the platform I. The symmetrical arrangement of the depressions I I relative to the respective em-scales on the drum 4 will be evident by reference to Figs. 3 and 4.

The em-scales a to h inclusive may be held in place on the drum 4 in any suitable manner, for example as by cementing or otherwise securing them individually in shallow longitudinal grooves formed in the surface of the drum. as clearly indicated in Fig. 3. Obviously any number of scales graduated in any desired proportions may 5 be provided, and instead of using individualstrips for each scale, the group of scales may be printed -or otherwise impressed upon a continuoussheet of suitable material which itself may be wrapped around the drum, the scales being relatively spaced in correspondence with the respective drum locating depressions II.

respect to the point-size designations thereof; so

that clockwise rotation of the hand knob 9 (Figure 1) exposes the scale of next larger ratio'and counter-clockwise rotation the scale of next smaller ratio.

' To enable the hand-stick to be comfortably and conveniently gripped in the user's left hand without contacting the scale drum, there is provided a shield or cover I4 suitably secured as by screws I5 to the opposite end bearings I.

The cut-back formation I6 of the upright leg of the abutment 2 leaves exposed a sufllcient portion of the end element of a composed line of elements for easily gripping and lifting the line of elements bodily oil the platform I to place it in a photographic reproducing machine.

Referring to the differently graduated scales illustrated in Fig. 2, attention is first directed to the scale designated b which corresponds exactly to the standard pica scale 3 secured to the wider leg of the hand-stick. The scale b is positioned at the window I3 (by turning the knob I 9) when repro ductions in ajpne-to-one"ratid'fire desired from any- Qneof-the threefbasiety'p 'fs'lize ---ionts of elements marked'at the right end of'this -*seale, that-is an 8, 9 or-1 2-point font.

At this juncture it -may be explained that itis purely a matter of; choice as 'to' the aet'ual type size and 'number of basic 'fontsj'of' el''meiitsWhat maybe available for composinglines fi'oim'which to'obtain reproductions in a one-to-cin e' tandem -in other-desired ratios by optical enl'arg'eiiieiifor 4 reduction. For-example, a 1Z-poiiit fi1t al one -may be ado'pted-as the basic size-froin 'whieh're- --productions ranging from say fi p'oint to 36' p'o'int -and-even larger ma be obtained, it'bei'iig necessary only that there be provided in the" photo- -Jgraphic reproducing machine an optical system capable of effecting such aegrees of 'eril'ar iiient or reduction as are appropriate to these'orany other type sizes that may beeesnea.

For technical and practical reasons haying no direct bearing upon thepre'sent inv'ritionififiay be considered that the aforesaid three (basic fonts of elements which respectively 8, 9 and 12-point photographable characters are available for use in composing linesiroinwhich to reproduce type in'atte'rin"the'conimorilyused sizes ranging from 6-point" to 36 p'oint. As'indicated by the arrows in 2,'the ba'sic 8-point font is used to obtain 6,8 and lo po'int reproductions; the basicQ-poiht font to obtain team '11- point reproductions, and the basic12' 'p6iiitfont to obtain reproductions in 12, 14, 16, 18, 24, 30 and 36-point sizes. V

The scales a to h inclusive are graduated in direct proportion to the type sizes to whichthey respectively apply, that is, in accordancewi'ththe ratio between the reproduced point-size indicated at-the right hand end-of-eachscale and the pointsize-of the basic font from which such reproduction is obtained. I

Considering first the scales to h which apply to the abovementioned enlargedreproductions obtained from the basic 12-poi ntfont, it will be seen that the 12 em line-lengthmark on the standard scaleb (the one-toone ratio *scale) 1 corresponds to or aligns vertically with the 14,-16; 18,

24, and 36 em line-'length'rnarks on'the respec- "tive scales 0, d, 'e, f, g'a-nd h. Assuming purely as an arbitrary'exarn' 'nle that a line 12'ems in length is desired in each of the enlarged type sizes mentioned, these scales are -'-graduated 1 as follows:

Scale 0 in a ratio of 14:12 or 7:6; whereby a line of elements from the 12- p't; font "when composed to the 12 em mark o'n'scale-"c will be fore- "sho'rtened by2 ems, thus compensating" for the one-sixth enlargement which reproduces a 12 em line in 14 pt. type.

Scale :2 in a ratioof 16:12 or4z3; wherbythe line of elements composed to the 1-2 em mark on this scale will be foreshortene'd by -4"'e'ms, thus compensating for the one-third enlargement which reproduces'a '12 emli'ne in leptk'type.

Scale e in a ratio of 18:12 or 3:2 whereby the Iineof elements composed to the 12"eminark on this scale will be foreshorte'ne'd b'y 6eins,'-thus compensating for the one and one 'half times enlargement which reproduces a 12'emli'ne in 18 pt.

Scale 1 in a ratio of 2411201 2' 1;"whereby the line of-elements composed to the 12am "mark on this scale will beforeshorter'ietl' by '12 ems, I thus compensating v for the double enlargement which reproduces a 12 em line in 24 pt. type.

"scale hli'n 'a""ratio 6f'36t12i3r 3:1; whereby' the line of elements composed 'tdthe 12;em mark on "this"'scale"'will "b'e" roreshe rpeneu- "by 24* erh'sj thus compensating for the triple" enlargement-"which reproduces glam-11mi 3'6 pti'type.

Attention is new "directed to' obtkaiiiin repro- "ductiofis' in 10 "and 11 "pt. typerespectiy'ely from the" ba"sic 8 '9-poi nt rent usin thecale 0, to' tlbtainfilg' 6 and-7 pt;reproductionsfibm such fonts, using the scale a. v I

Obviouslyf'sinc'the scale cis graduated in the ratio bf '7-f 6 "(the exact proportion for" obtaining 14 pt. "type" from-thematic-12=peiiifirdnt either a 776 X esser fo'c'al justmentsit 'is'slightly set 6r confo'r'mi ty with-"the and 115 'r'at'i'os necessary to'bbtainexactw -10 and 11 "ptftype'silzes. "Thus' to"obt'ain exact ly l0 'pt. from the"8'- po intfont'a scalegraduated in the 10: 8 ratio "(its is-em-gradu uem aligned with the "12fe'rn mare-on the sta ndard' soaleb) a-rld' either "a 5/4 'lens or a-nopti'c'al system 'adju's'ted "for equivaiem enmgement -would be equired. To obtain exactly ll pt. from tfie Q itiinflfOnt a "scale graduateddnfthe i 11 i 9' ratio 1 (its 14L6 em graduation aligned-with the 12 i an marked-scale "DYandeifth'er a" 1'l79' *'lens *oranoptical system "adjusted for "equivalent enlargement wou'ld be required. V

A similarsituation *arises" with "respect to the "scales wh'ibhis gradtiaitdin-the ratioof 3 :4 (the exaet repares-marwarn ngs pt: typeiiom 'the basic 8-point "rent, usiiigitlie'ra -374x lens or Idem adjustments "to 'suit) and fjis thus slightly outer cc'infor'mi'ty with the -:9 ranc-nece sary to obtain -e'iiactly' '7 pt. type from the "basic 9-point font, wherein a sc'a'le graduated "in-the '7': 9 ratio '(it's191'3 ein graduationaligndwith the 12P'em on 'theTstanda-rd' 'sca'le 'b)""a'r'id"a"7/9 lens trap wuearsystem adji'ist'd' for "equivalent re- I access would be'retiuired.

As state d, the"? 'egfoirig'rion-cEinfoiiniti'es are only slight, infact'sof'slight tlia t"to" p'roVide an exce'ssiye nu'mb er'of spe iauy graduated "scales and either appropriatefixd'focus lense s or equivalent optical ad ustments to suit would be unwarranted.

Assuming-therefore; that the'l ifiratio scale 0 and a 7/ 6X Iensappropriate directly 'to'o btaining 14-pt.--ty-pe' frorh the basic 12-point font, is used also to obtain the indicated 10 and- 11 pt; type respectively from the basic "B-and 9-pointfonts, agamcsmg a 12 em length of lineasan arbitrary example:

'Elements'from'thebasic 8 '-p'oint font when composed-to the l2-em' mark'on scale c will be enlarged "one-'si'iith "by'the lensand -thus produce ==a12 em 'line (as 'measu'red onscale b) in type -"n1'easuiing'9':3 pts. inst'e'a d'bf the-full indicated lo'pts. "(ryee pt.'9.3-pts.).

memhts from the 1 basic 9-pointfont when composed to e the 12 em snark onscale I c will be enlarge brie-sixth by -thelens and thus produce a 1-2"em line'(asrh'easuredon scale b) in type measuring 10.5 pts. instead of the-full indicated llfpts. ('z/ex's tr mas-t nts.)

Similarlyfa's'su l I fand"a-' g7 lx' -lens -apprdpriate dire'ctl to obtaining G' pt, type form the basic iipoint' font, is

used also to obtain the indicated '7 pt. type from the basic 9-point font:

Elements from the basic 9-point font when composed to the 12 em mark on scale a will be reduced one-quarter .by the lens and thus produce a 12 em line (as measured on scale b) in type measuring 6.75 pts. instead of the full indicated '7 pts. (3/4 9 pt.=6.75 pts.).

The foregoing off-size reproductions, namely 9.3 pts. for 10 pt.; 10.5 pts. for 11 pt. and 6.75 pts. for 7 pt. will be recognized by those skilled in the design and use of type to be in full accord with the known and accepted principle that the point-size by which printing type is designated is unrealistic from a purely mathematical standpoint.

To explain, the term point-size is used to designate the over-all" vertical space within which the top of ascending letters and bottom of descending letters must be confined in order to be classified under a particular size designation. However, taking a 10 pt. type size designation as an example, the ascending and descending letters of a given type face design need not, and seldom do, occupy the full heightwise space of 10 points. The fact is that the artist who designs a type face simply works and manipulates within the alloted 10- pt. maximum limit, forming and proportioning the different letters according to some concept or predetermined effect he wishes to attain. As a result, the over-all heightwise space actually occupied by one or another type face designated as 10 pt. varies among the many different type face designs used in printing and may or may not conform to an exact mathematical measurement, and this principle holds true for any designated point-size of type including those indicated on the scales (1 to h.

As a further consideration it may be explained that it is common practice among type designers to improve the readability of type, especially in the smaller sizes, by making the at or letters (letters devoid of ascending or descending stems) somewhat oversize, thus reducing the differential or proportionate relationship between their height and the height of the associated ascender and descender letters. The object of this is to make the printed letters clearer and thus easier to read by virtue of providing maximum size bowls or openings in such letters as a, e, g, s for example.

Applying this technic to the basic 8 and 9-point fonts herein, the "m or 0 letters may be made four-tenths oversize, that is 8.4 pts. and 9.4 pts. for the respective fonts, while the over-all height of the type face remains a true 8 or 9-point. In such case it will be apparent that the reproductions obtained from the oversize letters of these basic fonts will be correspondingly altered in a direction favorable to bringing them substantially to the point-sizes designated on the scales 0 and a respectively. Thus, the oversize 8.4 pt. letters will provide reproductions in connection with the scale 0 and 7/6 lens which measure 9.8 pts. and reproductions in connection with the scale a and 3/4 lens which measure 6.3 pts. The oversize 9.4 pt. letters will provide reproductions in connection with the scale 0 and '7 6X lens which measure 10.96 pts. and reproductions in connection with the scale a and 3/4 lens which measure 7.05 pts.

Accordingly, by using the scales 0 and a as common scales for several type sizes, the overall size of the reproductions will deviate from the, actual indicated point sizes only to the negligible extent indicated in the fourth paragraph back and which is wholly within expectations according to standard and accepted practice in the art. Moreover, the w or 0 letters,

made somewhat oversize as just explained, will deviate still less from such indicated point sizes.

From the foregoing it will be seen that the invention provides a hand-stick of novel construction having wide utility and affording great convenience and saving of time in the composition ofv character-bearing elements from which to produce lines of type matter photographically in different lengths and sizes of type, it being necessary only for the user to rotate into active position an em-scale marked with the point-size of type it is desired to produce, then compose the elements to the desired line-measure mark or graduation on the selected scale.

What is claimed is:

1. A hand-stick for typographical composition comprising an elongated member of generally L-shaped cross-section for supporting in faceto-face abutting relation a composed line of typographical elements bearing photographically reproducible type characters of a given basic point-size and having thicknesses proportional to the setwise widths of the characters respectively borne thereby, a transversely extending stop at one end of said supporting member for engaging the element at one end of said line of elements, an elongated window in one side of said supporting member, a drum rotatably mounted on said supporting member and bearing a plurality of differently calibrated scales each graduated in inverse proportion to the ratio between the point size of the reproduction and said basic point size, said scales being positioned on said drum for selective visual registration with said window so that said stop is in alignment with a predetermined reference point on the scale, whereby when a line of elements is assembled on said supporting member with the element at one end of the line in abutment with said stop, the position of the element at the opposite end of the line relative to the scale thus in registration will indicate the length of a line of characters reproducible therefrom at a size ratio corresponding to that of the scale.

2. A hand-stick according to claim 1, wherein the scale supporting drum is rotatable in bearings secured to the opposite ends of the underside of the element supporting member, and said drum is shielded by a cover secured to said bearings.

3. A hand-stick according to claim 1, wherein said stop is recessed to provide finger clearance for gripping a line of elements to remove it bodily from said platform.

4. A hand stick for typographical composition comprising an elongated member of generally L-shaped cross-section for supporting in face-to-face abutting relation a composed line of typographic elements bearing photographical- 1y reproducible type characters of a given basic point-size and having thicknesses proportional to the setwise widths of the characters respectively borne thereby, a transversely extending stop fixed to one end of said supporting member within said L for engaging the element at one end of said line of elements, an elongated window in one side of said supporting member confronting the interior of said L and extending under said stop, a pair of spaced bearings secured to the exterior of said supporting member near the ends of said window, a-rotatable drum oi polygonal cross-section mounted for rotation in said bearings and having on its polygonal surfaces a plurality of scales positioned for selective registration with said window when said drum is rotated and having reference points aligned with said stop, each of said scales having a difierent nominal point-size indication thereon and being graduated in inverse proportion to the ratio between the nominal point-size thereon and said basic point size, whereby when a line of elements is assembled on said supporting member with the element at one end of said line abutting said stop, the position of the element at the opposite end of the line will indicate on the scale in registration with said window the length of line of characters reproducible from the assembled elements at a size corresponding 10 to that of the nominal point-size borne by that scale, and a detachable housing surrounding said drum and secured to said supporting member.

HERMAN R. FREUND.

References Cited in the file Of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 

